Prevalence and Characterisation of Multiresistant Bacterial Strains Isolated in Pigs from the Island of Tenerife.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can circulate among human and animal populations through direct contact with animals, as well as via food and the environment. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and characterisation of multiresistant bacteria in pig samples. METHODS: 224 samples of pig livestock were taken at the slaughterhouse on the island of Tenerife. A nasal and a rectal sample were collected from each pig. The presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus coagulase-negative (MRCoNS), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (BLEE), carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE), and colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae was investigated. The resistance genes of the isolated bacteria were characterised by specific PCRs depending on the microorganism to be studied, and in vitro antimicrobial resistance was determined using the broth microdilution method (Vitek®2 system bioMérieux®, Nurtingen, Germany). RESULTS: MRSA prevalence was 73.21% (164 isolates). MRCoNS prevalence was 9.8% (22 isolates), S. sciuri being the prevalent species. Six isolates presented a 2.7% prevalence of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (BLEE) in the CTX-M-1 group. No vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), or colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were isolated. CONCLUSION: we found a high presence of multiresistant bacteria, suggesting the need for increased control and surveillance of this type of strains in pig livestock and a better understanding of the possible transmission routes of these microorganisms through livestock products.

Prevalence and characteristics of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in goats on the island of Tenerife, Spain.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) in healthy goats on the Island of Tenerife, Spain, as well as to identify the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the strains found. A cross-sectional prevalence study was conducted. A total of 158 goats from 15 different farms were sampled between September 2017 and January 2018. The percentage of positive samples of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 15.8% (25/158) and that of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) was 6.9% (11/158). All MRSA isolates from goats belonged to one clonal group showing Multi-Locus Sequence type 398. All strains studied (n = 36) were resistant to non-carbapenem beta-lactam antibiotics and susceptible to teicoplanin, linezolid, vancomycin, rifampicin, quinupristin-dalfospristin and mupirocine. In MRSA isolates, the highest percentage of resistance obtained, besides beta-lactam non-carbapenem antibiotics, was to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and, in the case of MRCoNS isolates, to phosphomycin and erythromycin. A total of 12 resistance patterns were obtained, presenting differences between patterns obtained for MRSA and MRCoNS, with 7 different patterns for MRSA and 5 for MRCoNS. We therefore consider it essential to expand the epidemiological study of these strains of animal origin, as well as to increase surveillance and control measures at all stages of the food chain.

El servicio de urgencias hospitalario como factor de riesgo de colonización por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina de los residentes en centros de larga estancia / Hospital emergency health service care as a risk factor for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in residents of long-term care facilities

OBJETIVOS: Los residentes de centros de larga estancia (CLE) son población de riesgo para la colonización por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (SARM) debido a la morbilidad asociada a la edad y la alta tasa de contactos hospitalarios, especialmente en el servicio de urgencias hospitalario (SUH). El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a la colonización por SARM en los residentes de CLE. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal entre abril y junio de 2014. Como criterio de inclusión se consideró ser residente de un CLE del área norte de la isla de Tenerife. Se recogieron variables clínico-epidemiológicas y muestras nasales que se sembraron en agar chromID®MRSA, que discrimina entre colonizados por SARM o no. El tipado molecular se realizó mediante electroforesis en campo pulsante. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística sobre la variable SARM como dependiente. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 624 residentes. La prevalencia de SARM fue del 25,8%. Un total de 64 residentes necesitaron ser atendidos en el SUH en los tres meses previos al estudio. En el análisis multivariante se observó que ser atendido en el SUH en los tres meses previos [odss ratio (OR): 2,05 IC 95%: 1,29-3,26, p = 0,002] y la presencia de lesiones en la piel [OR: 1,65; IC 95% (1,11-2,44), p = 0,013] fueron las variables relacionadas con la colonización por SARM. El clon predominante fue ST-5 SARM-IVa (75,8%), estrechamente relacionado con la asistencia sanitaria. CONCLUSIONES: Los CLE de nuestra área constituyen un importante reservorio de SARM. Haber sido atendido en el SUH se comportó como factor predictor de colonización por SARM, por lo que es necesario de reforzar las medidas preventivas de transmisión cruzada de microorganismos multirresistentes e implantar sistemas vigilancia activa de SARM en el SUH

OBJECTIVES: Residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs) are at risk for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization because of age-related illnesses and high rates of hospital use, in particular, of visits to the emergency department (ED). We aimed to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for MRSA colonization in LTCF residents. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 2014 (April-June). LTCF residents in the northern part of the island of Tenerife were eligible for enrolment. We collected clinical and epidemiologic data and took nasal swabs for culture (chromID MRSA agar) to screen for MRSA colonization. Molecular typing was established by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. MRSA colonization was the dependent variable in logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 624 residents were enrolled. MRSA was detected in 25.8%. Sixty-four of the residents had received care in a hospital ED in the 3 months prior to enrolment. Multivariant regression analysis detected 2 risk factors for MRSA colonization: hospital ED care in the last 3 months (odds ratio [OR], 2.05; 95% CI, 1.29-3.26; P=.002) and the presence of skin lesions (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.11-2.44); P=.013). The health-care-associated, ST5 MRSA-IVa, was the most prevalent (75.8%). CONCLUSIONS: LTCF residents in our area are a significant reservoir of MRSA colonization. Hospital ED care was a predictor of MRSA colonization. We believe that stronger measures to prevent cross-contamination of multidrug resistant microorganisms must be implemented, along with active vigilance systems to detect MRSA in hospitals (AU)

[Hospital emergency health service care as a risk factor for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in residents of long-term care facilities]. / El servicio de urgencias hospitalario como factor de riesgo de colonización por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina de los residentes en centros de larga estancia.

OBJECTIVES: Residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs) are at risk for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization because of age-related illnesses and high rates of hospital use, in particular, of visits to the emergency department (ED). We aimed to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for MRSA colonization in LTCF residents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 2014 (April­June). LTCF residents in the northern part of the island of Tenerife were eligible for enrollment. We collected clinical and epidemiologic data and took nasal swabs for culture (chromID MRSA agar) to screen for MRSA colonization. Molecular typing was established by pulsedfield gel electrophoresis. MRSA colonization was the dependent variable in logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 624 residents were enrolled. MRSA was detected in 25.8%. Sixty-four of the residents had received care in a hospital ED in the 3 months prior to enrollment. Multivariant regression analysis detected 2 risk factors for MRSA colonization: hospital ED care in the last 3 months (odds ratio [OR], 2.05; 95% CI, 1.29­3.26; P=.002) and the presence of skin lesions (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.11­2.44); P=.013). The health-care-associated, ST5 MRSA-IVa, was the most prevalent (75.8%). CONCLUSION: LTCF residents in our area are a significant reservoir of MRSA colonization. Hospital ED care was a predictor of MRSA colonization. We believe that stronger measures to prevent cross-contamination of multidrug resistant microorganisms must be implemented, along with active vigilance systems to detect MRSA in hospitals.

OBJETIVO: Los residentes de centros de larga estancia (CLE) son población de riesgo para la colonización por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (SARM) debido a la morbilidad asociada a la edad y la alta tasa de contactos hospitalarios, especialmente en el servicio de urgencias hospitalario (SUH). El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a la colonización por SARM en los residentes de CLE. METODO: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal entre abril y junio de 2014. Como criterio de inclusión se consideró ser residente de un CLE del área norte de la isla de Tenerife. Se recogieron variables clínico-epidemiológicas y muestras nasales que se sembraron en agar chromID®MRSA, que discrimina entre colonizados por SARM o no. El tipado molecular se realizó mediante electroforesis en campo pulsante. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística sobre la variable SARM como dependiente. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 624 residentes. La prevalencia de SARM fue del 25,8%. Un total de 64 residentes necesitaron ser atendidos en el SUH en los tres meses previos al estudio. En el análisis multivariante se observó que ser atendido en el SUH en los tres meses previos [odss ratio (OR): 2,05 IC 95%: 1,29-3,26, p = 0,002] y la presencia de lesiones en la piel [OR: 1,65; IC 95% (1,11-2,44), p = 0,013] fueron las variables relacionadas con la colonización por SARM. El clon predominante fue ST­5 SARM-IVa (75,8%), estrechamente relacionado con la asistencia sanitaria. CONCLUSIONES: Los CLE de nuestra área constituyen un importante reservorio de SARM. Haber sido atendido en el SUH se comportó como factor predictor de colonización por SARM, por lo que es necesario de reforzar las medidas preventivas de transmisión cruzada de microorganismos multirresistentes e implantar sistemas vigilancia activa de SARM en el SUH